Plants of Cutler Park: Illustrated Checklist
As of December 2014, the checklist contains 343 species including 96 non-native (marked *), of which 33 are invasive (marked **)

This is a preliminary account for plants occurring in Cutler Park, Needham/Dedham. Most observations are from the part of the Park south of the railroad, which crosses the Charles R. We call this part 'Southern Cutler Park' (as opposed to 'Northern' - north of the railroad.) We further divide southern Park into SE part (Dedham) and SW (Needham). SE Cutler Park contains the swamp white oak grove, Long Ditch (an artificial water way), and Pine Island - a hill with a red pine plantation. SW Cutler Park features a boardwalk across the marsh, a chunk of mesophytic deciduous forest ('Wood Trail'), and most part of the trail parallel to the railroad ('R/R Trail'), except for its segment closest to the River and the railroad bridge, which is in Dedham. The disturbed area adjacent to the parking lot on Needham Street is a former farm once inhabited by the Kennedy family ('Kennedy Farm'). It is located right on the Needham/Dedham border, so we left it without a town affiliation. As to northern Cutler Park, we have less data for that part. There is a large population of an invasive honeysuckle Lonicera maacki, which is not yet much widespread in Massachusetts, and a remarkable grove of an invasive corktree (Phellodendron cf. sachalinense), whose seedlings already show up in large amounts in southern Cutler Park.

Information about species location within the Park comes from two sources. For photographed plants, the location information refers to concrete photos. There may be additional comments on the overall distribution within the Park, which are originating from field notes. Whenever there are no photographs, the information originates just from field notes.

Apparently this list is far from being complete. We hope that others will contribute their additions, corrections, photos, and comments. Your contributions will be acknowledged. Please send mail to webmaster@salicicola.com.

Ferns and Allies

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michaux) T. Moore — hayscented fern — Wood Trail, Needham

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn — bracken fern — Wood Trail, Needham

Dryopteridaceae

Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson — northern lady fern — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray — intermediate wood fern — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham.

Onoclea sensibilis L. — sensitive fern — photos: [1] [2] [3] — Kennedy Farm; SE, Dedham. Also occurs at Wood Trail, Needham

Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense L. — field horsetail, common horsetail — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Equisetum fluviatile L. — river horsetail — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] — ; N, Needham.

Marsileaceae

* Marsilea quadrifolia L. — water-clover — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham. Charles R.

Osmundaceae

Osmunda cinnamomea L. — cinnamon fern — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Wood Trail

Osmunda claytoniana L. — interrupted fern — photo: [1] — Southern. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Wood Trail, Needham

Osmunda regalis L. — royal fern — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Wood Trail, Needham

Thelypteridaceae

Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. — New York fern — Only northern Park, Needham

Thelypteris palustris Schott — marsh fern — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Wood Trail and Marsh, Needham

Conifers

Cupressaceae

Juniperus virginiana L. — eastern red cedar — R/R Trail, Needham

* Thuja occidentalis L. — arbor vitae — photo: [1] — Kennedy Farm. Kennedy Farm parking. Native only in Berkshire

Pinaceae

** Picea abies (L.) Karst. — Norway spruce — Kennedy Farm. Invasive but not officially listed

* Pinus resinosa Ait. — red pine — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham. Pine Island plantation. Native in W and Central MA

Pinus rigida P. Mill. — pitch pine — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] — SE, Dedham. Solitary

Pinus strobus L. — white pine — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

* Pinus sylvestris L. — Scotch pine — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove plantation, Dedham

Monocots

Alismataceae

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. — common arrowhead — Charles R., Dedham

Araceae

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott — Jack-in-the-pulpit — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott — arrow-arum — Marsh, Needham

Commelinaceae

* Commelina communis L. — dayflower — photo: [1] [2] — Kennedy Farm.

Cyperaceae

Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. — yellow-fruited fox sedge — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Carex crinita Lam. — fringed sedge — Shaded Boardwalk, Needham

Carex debilis var. rudgei Bayley — northern stalked sedge — Contributed by Walter Kittredge

Carex intumescens Rudge — bladder or swamp sedge — SE, Dedham.

Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. — hop sedge — R/R Trail, near Typha latifolia

Carex lurida Wahlenb. — sallow sedge — Contributed by Walter Kittredge

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. — broom sedge — R/R Trail, Needham

Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr — straw sedge — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — ; SW, Needham. Start of Marsh Boardwalk

Carex stricta Lam. — tussock sedge — Shaded Boardwalk and R/R Trail near Typha latifolia, Needham

Carex swanii (Fern.) Mackenzie — Swan's sedge — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. — blunt broom sedge — photo: [1] — SW, Needham.

Carex vulpinoidea Michaux (setacea Dewey) — fox sedge — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Cyperus strigosus L. — straw-colored flatsedge — R/R Trail, Needham

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes — soft-stemmed spike-rush — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham; Southern.

Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl — brown beak-rush — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. (georgianus Harper) — black bulrush — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth — common bulrush — Shaded Boardwalk, Needham

Scirpus tabernaemontani K.C. Gmelin (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmelin) Pallas) — soft-stemmed bulrush — Charles R., Dedham

Iridaceae

** Iris pseudacorus L. — yellow iris — photo: [1] [2] — ; N, Needham.

Iris versicolor L. — northern blueflag — N, Needham.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Miller — stout blue-eyed-grass — R/R Trail, Needham

Juncaceae

Juncus bufonius L. — toad rush — Contributed by Walter Kittredge

Juncus effusus L. — common rush — Shaded Boardwalk, Dedham

Juncus marginatus Rostk. — grassleaf rush — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham.

Juncus tenuis Willd. — path rush, yard rush — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Shaded Boardwalk, Needham

Lemnaceae

Lemna minor L. — duckweed — SE, Dedham. R/R Bridge

Lemna valdiviana Phil. — American duckweed — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham. R/R Bridge

Liliaceae

** Convallaria majalis L. — lily-of-the-valley — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove. Highly invasive but not officially listed

* Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. — orange daylily — photo: [1] [2] — Kennedy Farm; SW, Needham. R/R Trail

Maianthemum canadense Desf. — Canada mayflower — Wood Trail, Needham

Medeola virginiana L. — Indian cucumber-root — photo: [1] — ; N, Needham.

* Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Ell. — giant Solomon seal — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — Kennedy Farm. Native in western MA

Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh — Solomon's seal — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. (Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link) — false Solomon's seal — Wood Trail, Needham

Uvularia sessilifolia L. — little merrybells — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Wood Trail, Needham

Orchidaceae

Cypripedium acaule Aiton — pink lady's slipper — Wood Trail, Needham

* Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz — helleborine — .

Poaceae

Agrostis scabra Willd. — northern ticklegrass — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham.

* Alopecurus pratensis L. — meadow foxtail — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham.

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) Beauv. — Canada bluejoint — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Marsh, Needham

Cinna arundinacea L. — common woodreed — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

* Dactylis glomerata L. — orchard grass — R/R Trail, Needham

Danthonia compressa Austin ex Peck — trail oatgrass — Wood Trail, Needham

Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould (Panicum clandestinum L.) — deertongue — R/R Trail, Needham

Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A.Schultes) Gould — changeable panic-grass — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham (start of trail)

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould (Panicum dichotomum L.) — forked panic-grass — Wood Trail, Needham

* Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. — barnyard grass — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

* Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. — couchgrass, quackgrass — Contributed by Walter Kittredge

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel — purple lovegrass — photo: [1] — Kennedy Farm. Contributed by Walter Kittredge

* Festuca ovina L. — sheep fescue — Kennedy Farm

Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. — coastal mannagrass — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SW, Needham. Shaded boardwalk

Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. S. Hitche — fowlmeadow grass — Marsh margin, Needham

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. — rice cutgrass — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Contributed by Walter Kittredge

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin. — awnless woodland-muhly — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees (Coleataenia longifolia ssp. rigidula (Bosc ex Nees) Soreng) — flat-stemmed panic grass — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] — SW, Needham; Southern. R/R Trail

** Phalaris arundinacea L. — reed canarygrass — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Marsh, Needham; Charles Bank near Long Ditch, Dedham

* Phleum pratense L. — timothy — R/R Trail, Needham

** Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel — common reed — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. R/R Trail

* Poa compressa L. — flat-stemmed bluegrass — N, Needham.

* Poa nemoralis L. — woodland bluegrass — N, Needham; SE, Dedham. Contributed by Walter Kittredge

* Poa pratensis L. — June grass — photo: [1] [2] — N, Needham; SW, Needham.

* Poa trivialis L. — rough bluegrass — Start of open marsh boardwalk, Needham

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash — little bluestem — R/R Trail, Needham

* Setaria faberi Herrm. ex Rosen — giant foxtail — photo: [1] — SW, Needham.

Pontederiaceae

Pontederia cordata L. — pickerelweed — Charles R., Dedham

Smilacaceae

Smilax herbacea L. — carrion-flower — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Smilax rotundifolia L. — catbrier, bullbrier — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Wood Trail

Sparganiaceae

Sparganium americanum Nutt. — common bur-reed — Charles R., Dedham

Typhaceae

Typha angustifolia L. — narrow-leaved cattail — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] — N, Needham; SW, Needham. Marsh

Typha latifolia L. — broad-leaved cattail — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Marsh along R/R Trail (single clump), Needham

Typha sp. — cattail — Southern.

Dicots

Aceraceae

* Acer negundo var. violaceum (Kirsch.) Jaeg. — boxelder — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — SE, Dedham. SE park, near homes

** Acer platanoides L. — Norway maple — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Kennedy Farm

Acer rubrum L. — red maple — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Swamp White Oak Grove; Marsh and Wood Trail, Needham

Acer saccharinum L. — silver maple — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Charles R., Dedham

Anacardiaceae

Rhus glabra L. — smooth sumac — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Wood Trail start, R/R Trail

Rhus typhina L. (R. hirta (L.) Sudworth) — staghorn sumac — Wood Trail start, R/R Trail, Needham

Rhus vernix L. (Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze) — poison sumac — R/R Trail (solitary on slope), Needham

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (Rhus radicans L.) — poison ivy — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. All across the park

Apiaceae

* Daucus carota L. — Queen Anne's lace — R/R Trail, Needham

Sium suave Walter — water parsnip — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Marsh

Apocynaceae

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. — spreading dogbane — Wood Trail, Needham

Apocynum cannabinum L. — Indian hemp — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

** Vinca minor L. — periwinkle — Contributed by Walter Kittredge. Invasive but not officially listed

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray — common winterberry — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham. All across the park

Araliaceae

Aralia nudicaulis L. — wild sarsaparilla — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Wood Trail, Needham

Asclepiadaceae

Asclepias incarnata ssp. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Woodson — downy swamp milkweed — Marsh, Needham

Asclepias syriaca L. — common milkweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] — Kennedy Farm; SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

** Cynanchum louiseae Kartez et Ghandi (nigrum (L.) Pers.) — black swallowwort — photo: [1] [2] — Kennedy Farm; SE, Dedham.

Asteraceae

Achillea millefolium ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper (millefolium var. occidentalis DC.) — seaside yarrow — R/R Trail, Needham

Ageratina altissima (L.) King et H.E.Robinson (Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.) — white snakeroot — photo: [1] — .

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. — annual ragweed — photo: [1] — Kennedy Farm. R/R Trail, Kennedy Farm. Invasive but not officially listed.

* Arctium minus Bernh. — lesser or common burdock — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Kennedy Farm

** Artemisia vulgaris L. — common wormwood, mugwort — R/R Trail, Needham. Invasive but not officially listed

Aster divaricatus L. (Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L.Nesom 1994) — white wood aster — Contributed by Walter Kittredge: Wood Trail, Needham?

Aster novi-belgii L. (Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) Nesom 1994) — New York aster — R/R Trail, Needham

Aster puniceus L. (Symphyotrichum puniceum A. et D. Löve 1982) — bristly aster, swamp aster — photo: [1] — ; N, Needham.

Bidens frondosa L. — beggar-ticks — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

** Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek (maculosa auct.) — spotted or bushy knapweed — R/R Trail, Needham

* Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. — bull thistle — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Erechtites hieracifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. — fireweed, pilewort — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. — eastern daisy fleabane — R/R Trail, Needham

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. — rough fleabane — SW, Needham. Wood Trail, R/R Trail, Needham

Erigeron strigosus var. discoideus Robbins — — photo: [1] — Kennedy Farm.

Eupatorium dubium Willd. ex Poiret (Eutrochium dubium (Willd. ex Poir.) E.E. Lamont) — Atlantic Joe-Pye-weed — Marsh, Needham

Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt (Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. Lamont) — hollow-stemmed Joe-Pye-weed — R/R Trail, Needham

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. — boneset, thoroughwort — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Eupatorium pilosum Walter (rotundifolium var. saundersii (Porter) Cronq.) — rough boneset, verbena boneset — Swamp White Oak Grove, near Long Ditch, Dedham

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.) — common flat-topped goldenrod — R/R Trail, Needham

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. (Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard et Burtt) — sweet everlasting, fragrant cudweed — N, Needham; SW, Needham. R/R Trail (solitary clump, upper slope), Needham

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. — low cudweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail (near staircase), Needham

Hieracium gronovii L. — Gronovius' hawkweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail

Hieracium paniculatum L. — woodland hawkweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail

** Hieracium pratense Tausch (H. caespitosum Dumort.) — king-devil, meadow hawkweed — photo: [1] [2] — Kennedy Farm.

* Hieracium sabaudum L. (canadense hort. Goett ex Froel.) — Savoy hawkweed, Canada hawkweed — Wood Trail start, R/R Trail, Needham

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. — wild blue lettuce — Start of Swamp White Oak Grove Trail, Dedham

Lactuca canadensis L. — yellow wild lettuce — R/R Trail, Needham

* Lapsana communis L. — nipplewort — N, Needham.

* Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. — oxeye daisy — Kennedy Farm

Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. (Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass.) — tall rattlesnake-root, gall-of-the-earth — Wood Trail, Needham

Solidago altissima L. (canadensis var. scabra Torr. et Gray) — tall goldenrod — R/R Trail, Needham

Solidago canadensis L. — Canada goldenrod — R/R Trail, Needham

Solidago gigantea Aiton — smooth goldenrod, late goldenrod — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. R/R Trail

Solidago juncea Aiton — early goldenrod — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

Solidago odora Aiton — licorice goldenrod, sweet goldenrod — Wood Trail, Needham

Solidago puberula Nutt. — downy goldenrod — Contributed by Walter Kittredge

Solidago rugosa P. Miller — rough-stemmed goldenrod — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Start of Swamp White Oak Grove Trail, Dedham

* Tanacetum vulgare L. — common tansy — R/R Trail, Needham

* Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers — common dandelion — R/R Trail, Needham

* Tragopogon pratensis L. — yellow goat's-beard — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Kennedy Farm

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens capensis Meerb. — jewelweed — photo: [1] [2] — Southern. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Berberidaceae

** Berberis thunbergii DC. — Japanese barberry — photo: [1] — Kennedy Farm. Kennedy Farm

** Berberis vulgaris L. — common barberry — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham.

Betulaceae

Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. — speckled alder — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham.

Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. — smooth alder, common alder — R/R Trail, Needham

Betula lenta L. — sweet birch, cherry birch, black birch — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham.

Betula nigra L. — river birch — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — SE, Dedham. Long Ditch, Charles R.

Betula papyrifera Marsh. — paper birch — Wood Trail, Needham

Betula populifolia Marsh. — gray birch — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove. Wood Trail, R/R Trail, Needham

Corylus americana Walt. — American hazelnut — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Wood Trail

Bignoniaceae

* Catalpa bignonioides Walter — southern catalpa — Kennedy Farm; SE, Dedham; SW, Needham.

Brassicaceae

** Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (officinalis Andrz.) — garlic mustard — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Kennedy Farm, spreading into Swamp White Oak Grove

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. (Turritis glabra L.) — tower mustard — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail (near tunnel), Needham

* Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. — yellow rocket — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham.

Lepidium virginicum L. — Virginia pepperweed — R/R Trail, Needham

* Nasturtium officinale Ait. f. (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek) — watercress — SE, Dedham. R/R Bridge

Caprifoliaceae

** Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. — Amur honeysuckle — photos: [1] [2] [3] — N, Needham; SE, Dedham.

** Lonicera morrowii A. Gray — Morrow's honeysuckle — Kennedy Farm

Sambucus canadensis L. — common elderberry — R/R Trail, Needham

Viburnum acerifolium L. — maple-leaf viburnum — End of boardwalk, Needham

Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum Ait. (recognitum Fern.) — northern arrowwood — All across the park

Viburnum nudum L. — smooth witherod — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham.

Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. et Gray — wild raisin, witherod — N, Needham.

Caryophyllaceae

* Dianthus armeria L. — debtford pink — R/R Trail, Needham

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl (Arenaria lateriflora L.) — grove sandwort — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Silene antirrhina L. — sleepy catchfly — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail (near stairs), Needham

* Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. (Lychnis dioica L.) — red campion — photos: [1] [2] [3] — Kennedy Farm.

* Silene latifolia ssp. alba (P. Mill.) Greuter et Burdet (Lychnis alba P. Miller) — white campion or evening lychnis — photos: [1] [2] [3] — Kennedy Farm. Kennedy Farm

* Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (cucubalus Wibel) — bladder-campion — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham. R/R Trail, Needham

Celastraceae

** Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. — Oriental bittersweet, Asian bittersweet — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Kennedy Farm. R/R Trail, Needham

** Euonymus alata (Thunb.) Sieb. — winged spindletree, burning bush — photo: [1] — Kennedy Farm. Kennedy Farm

* Euonymus europaea L. — European spindletree — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SE, Dedham. Near homes

Cistaceae

Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald (Crocanthemum bicknellii (Fern.) Barnh.) — hoary rockrose — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham; Southern. R/R Trail, Needham

Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. (Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britton) — longbranch frostweed — SE, Dedham. R/R Trail, Needham

Lechea intermedia Leggett ex Britt. — largepod pinweed — Wood Trail, Needham

Lechea maritima Leggett ex B.S.P. — beach pinweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

Lechea mucronata Raf. (villosa Ell.) — hairy pinweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] — SW, Needham.

Clusiaceae

Hypericum punctatum Lam. — spotted St. John's-wort — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Convolvulaceae

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. — morning glory — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Cornaceae

Cornus amomum P. Miller (Swida amomum (P. Miller) Small) — silky dogwood — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] — Kennedy Farm; SE, Dedham; SW, Needham; Southern. Marsh, Charles R. bank near Long Ditch, R/R Trail

Crassulaceae

Penthorum sedoides L. — ditch stonecrop — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

* Sedum acre L. — goldmoss stonecrop — photo: [1] [2] — Kennedy Farm. Kennedy Farm

Cucurbitaceae

Sicyos angulatus L. — one-seeded burr cucumber — photo: [1] [2] — N, Needham; SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Ericaceae

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch — black huckleberry — photo: [1] [2] — .

Kalmia angustifolia L. — sheep laurel — SW, Needham. Wood Trail

Kalmia latifolia L. — mountain laurel — Wood Trail, Needham

Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. — maleberry — Wood Trail, Needham

Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. — swamp azalea — Wood Trail, Needham

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. — lowbush blueberry — Wood Trail, Needham

Vaccinium corymbosum L. — highbush blueberry — Wood Trail, Needham

Vaccinium pallidum Ait. (vacillans Kalm ex Torr.) — hillside blueberry, dryland blueberry — photo: [1] [2] — Southern. Wood Trail, Needham

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. — three-seeded mercury — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

** Euphorbia cyparissias L. — cypress spurge — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Euphorbia maculata L. (Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small) — spotted spurge — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Fabaceae

* Amorpha fruticosa L. — indigo bush — Kennedy Farm; SE, Dedham. Charles R. Bank

Apios americana Medik. — groundnut — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail, Needham

Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. — yellow wild indigo, horsefly weed — Wood Trail, Needham

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. — panicled ticktrefoil — ***

Desmodium rotundifolium DC. — prostrate ticktrefoil — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Wood Trail

Lespedeza capitata Michx. — round-headed bush-clover — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. — hairy bush-clover — Wood Trail, Needham

Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. (intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt.) — wand bush-clover — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail, Needham

Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton — slender bush-clover — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Start of Wood Trail, Needham

* Trifolium arvense L. — rabbit-foot clover — Kennedy Farm; R/R Trail, Needham

* Trifolium repens L. — white clover — R/R Trail, Needham

* Vicia cracca L. — bird vetch — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

* Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. — Chinese wisteria — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — Kennedy Farm; SW, Needham.

Fagaceae

Quercus alba L. — white oak — Wood Trail, Needham

Quercus bicolor Willd. — swamp white oak — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Marsh, Wood Trail

Quercus coccinea Muenchh. — scarlet oak — Wood trail, Needham

Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. — scrub oak, bear oak — photo: [1] — SW, Needham; Southern. R/R Trail, Needham

* Quercus palustris Muenchh. — pin oak — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — SE, Dedham. Wood Trail, Needham; Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham. Native only in W MA

Quercus rubra L. — northern red oak — Wood Trail, Needham

Quercus velutina Lam. — black oak — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail

Geraniaceae

Geranium maculatum L. — wild geranium — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham.

Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelis virginiana L. — witch-hazel — Wood Trail

Lamiaceae

* Galeopsis bifida Boenn. — cleft hempnettle — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham.

* Leonurus cardiaca L. — motherwort — Kennedy Farm

Lycopus uniflorus Michaux — tuberous water-horehound — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham; Southern.

* Mentha sp. — — SW, Needham.

Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata (W. Barton) Hulten — American heal-all — photo: [1] — N, Needham.

Scutellaria galericulata L. (epilobiifolia Hamilton) — marsh scullcap, common scullcap — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Marsh, Needham

Scutellaria lateriflora L. — mad-dog skullcap, blue skullcap — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

* Stachys palustris L. — marsh hedgenettle — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Marsh, Needham

Trichostema dichotomum L. — forked bluecurls — Kennedy Farm.

Lauraceae

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees — sassafras — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Wood Trail, Needham

Lythraceae

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. — swamp loosestrife, waterwillow — photo: [1] [2] — SE, Dedham. Charles R., Dedham

** Lythrum salicaria L. — purple loosestrife — photo: [1] [2] — ; SW, Needham. Marsh

Malvaceae

Hibiscus moscheutos L. (palustris L.) — swamp mallow — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] — SE, Dedham. Charles R. bank

Monotropaceae

Monotropa uniflora L. — Indian pipe — Shaded boardwalk, Needham

Myricaceae

Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter — sweetfern — Wood Trail, Needham

Nymphaeaceae

Nuphar variegata Durand ex Clinton — yellow waterlily, spatterdock — Charles R., Dedham

Oleaceae

Fraxinus americana L. — white ash — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

** Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc. — Japanese privet, ibota privet — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham.

Onagraceae

Circaea luteniana var. canadensis L. (candensis (L.) Hill) — enchanter's nightshade — photo: [1] — N, Needham; SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. — American willowherb — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham.

Oenothera biennis L. — common evening primrose — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham; Southern. R/R Trail

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. — showy yellow woodsorrel — Contributed by Walter Kittredge

Oxalis stricta L. (europaea Jordan) — common yellow woodsorrel — Kennedy Farm; Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Wood Trail, Needham

Papaveraceae

* Chelidonium majus L. — celandine — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Near homes

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca americana L. — pokeweed — photo: [1] — Kennedy Farm; SW, Needham. Start of Swamp White Oak Grove Trail, Dedham; R/R Trail, Needham

Plantaginaceae

** Plantago aristata Michaux — bracted plantain — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail. Invasive but not officially listed

** Plantago lanceolata L. — narrow-leaved plantain, English plantain — Kennedy Farm. Invasive but not officially listed

* Plantago major L. — common plantain, white man's foot — Kennedy Farm

Polygonaceae

Polygonum amphibium var. emersum Michaux. (P. coccineum Muhl.) — erect water smartweed — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Marsh, Needham

Polygonum arifolium L. (Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haroldson) — halberdleaf tearthumb — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Marsh

* Polygonum aviculare L. (arenastrum Jordan ex Boreau) — doorweed — Contributed by Walter Kittredge: Kennedy Farm?

* Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum (deBruyn) A.N. Steward — Chinese smartweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — Kennedy Farm. Kennedy Farm

** Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) L.P. Ronse Decraene) — Japanese knotweed — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. One clump, R/R Trail, Needham

Polygonum pensylvanicum L. (Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) G. Maza) — pinkweed — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

* Polygonum persicaria L. (Persicaria maculosa (L.) S.F. Gray) — lady's thumb — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Polygonum punctatum Ell. (Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small) — dotted smartweed — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Shaded oardwalk, R/R Trail

Polygonum sagittatum L. (Persicaria sagittata (L.) H. Gross) — arrowleaf tearthumb — R/R Trail, Needham

Polygonum scandens L. (Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub) — climbing false buckwheat — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

** Rumex acetosella L. — sheep sorrel, red sorrel — R/R Trail, Needham. Highly invasive but not officially listed.

* Rumex crispus L. — curly dock — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Kennedy Farm

* Rumex obtusifolius L. — red-veined dock — Kennedy Farm.

Primulaceae

Lysimachia quadrifolia L. — whorled loosestrife — Wood Trail, R/R Trail, Needham

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P. — swamp candles — Marsh, Needham

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. — tufted loosestrife — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — SW, Needham. Marsh

Pyrolaceae

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh — striped pipsissewa, spotted wintergreen — Woodland Trail, Needham

Pyrola elliptica Nutt. — elliptic shinleaf — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus abortivus L. — kidney-leaved buttercup, small-flowered crowfoot — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Thalictrum pubescens Pursh (polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng.) — tall meadowrue — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. Swamp White Oak Grove, R/R Trail, Needham

Rhamnaceae

Ceanothus americanus L. — New Jersey tea — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] — SW, Needham; Southern. Wood Trail

** Rhamnus cathartica L. — common buckthorn — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Kennedy Farm, R/R Trail, Needham

** Rhamnus frangula L. (Frangula alnus P. Miller) — glossy buckthorn — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Kennedy Farm; Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Marsh, R/R Trail, Needham

Rosaceae

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. (Photinia melanocarpa (Michaux) Robertson et Phipps) — black chokeberry — Contributed by Walter Kittredge (as Aronia sp.)

Comarum palustre L. (Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.) — marsh cinquefoil — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] — ; SW, Needham. Marsh

Crataegus submollis Sarg. (arnoldiana Sarg.) — downy hawthorn — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail start, solitary

Geum canadense Jacq. — white avens — photo: [1] [2] — SW, Needham. Start of shaded boardwalk, Needham

* Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder — Toringo crabapple — Contributed by Walter Kittredge: Kennedy Farm, Wood Trail, R/R Trail, Needham

* Potentilla argentea L. — silver cinquefoil — Kennedy Farm

Potentilla canadensis L. — dwarf cinquefoil — R/R Trail, Needham

Potentilla norvegica L. — three-finger, strawberryweed — . R/R Trail, Needham

* Potentilla recta L. — sulphur cinquefoil — Kennedy Farm

Prunus serotina Ehrh. — black cherry — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham. Wood Trail, R/R Trail, Needham

** Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murray — multiflora rose — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Rosa nitida Willd. — shiny rose, New England rose — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — ; SE, Dedham. Near Long Ditch, Dedham

Rosa palustris Marsh. — swamp rose — Marsh, Needham

Rosa virginiana P. Miller — Virginia rose, low rose — photo: [1] — .

Rubus allegheniensis Porter — Allegheny blackberry, common blackberry — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham; Marsh, Needham

Rubus enslenii Tratt. (sempervirens Bigelow) — southern dewberry — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — Southern.

Rubus flagellaris Willd. — northern dewberry — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Rubus hispidus L. — bristly dewberry, swamp dewberry — . Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Rubus occidentalis L. — black raspberry — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Rubus recurvicaulis Blanchard (plicatifolius Blanchard) — arching sand blackberry — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — Southern.

Rubus setosus Bigelow — bristly blackberry, bog blackberry — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] — SE, Dedham; Southern. Contributed by Walter Kittredge: bank of Long Ditch, Dedham

Spiraea alba var. latifolia (Aiton) Dippel (latifolia (Aiton) Borkh.) — meadowsweet — Charles R. bank, Dedham; Marsh, Needham

Spiraea tomentosa L. — steeplebush — R/R Trail, Needham

Rubiaceae

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. — common buttonbush — Marsh, Needham

Galium aparine L. — cleavers — Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

* Galium mollugo L. — white bedstraw — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Galium obtusum Bigelow — blunt-leaved bedstraw or large marsh bedstraw — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham. Marsh, Needham

Galium palustre L. — common marsh bedstraw — photo: [1] — Southern. Dedham?

Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. — Clayton's bedstraw — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham. Contributed by Walter Kittredge: Marsh, Needham

Rutaceae

** Phellodendron amurense Rupr. — Amur corktree — SW, Needham.

** Phellodendron sachalinense (Fr. Schmidt) Sarg. — Sakhalin corktree — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] — N, Needham.

Salicaceae

* Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. — eastern cottonwood — Wood Trail, Needham. Solitary, native in W MA

Populus grandidentata Michaux — bigtooth aspen — Wood Trail, R/R Trail, Needham

Populus tremuloides Michaux — trembling aspen — Wood Trail, R/R Trail, Needham

** Salix atrocinerea Brotero (S. cinerea ssp. oleifolia (Smith) Macreight) — rusty willow — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] — SW, Needham. Wood Trail, R/R Trail

Salix atrocinerea x humilis ? — — SW, Needham.

Salix discolor Muhl. — large pussy willow — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] — ; SE, Dedham; SW, Needham; Southern. R/R Trail

Salix eriocephala Michaux — heartleaf willow — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] — SW, Needham. Marsh

Salix humilis Marsh. — prairie willow, upland willow — photos: [1] [2] [3] — ; N, Needham.

Salix nigra Marsh. — black willow — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Marsh, at border with Swamp White Oak Grove

Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith — slender willow, meadow willow — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham; Southern. Marsh

Salix x conifera Wangenh. (discolor x humilis ) — — photos: [1] [2] [3] — N, Needham.

* Salix x fragilis — hybrid of brittle and white willow — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham.

Scrophulariaceae

Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pernnell (Gerardia purpurea L.) — purple false foxglove — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. R/R Trail

* Linaria vulgaris P. Miller — butter-and-eggs — R/R Trail, Needham

Melampyrum lineare Desr. — cowwheat — R/R Trail, Needham

Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton (Linaria canadensis (L.) Chaz.) — blue toadflax, old-field toadflax — R/R Trail, Needham

* Verbascum blattaria L. — moth mullein — photos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] — Kennedy Farm.

** Verbascum thapsus L. — common mullein — photo: [1] [2] — Kennedy Farm.

Simaroubaceae

** Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle — tree-of-heaven — Kennedy Farm, R/R Trail on the slope, Needham

Ulmaceae

Celtis occidentalis L. — common hackberry — photo: [1] — N, Needham.

Ulmus americana L. — American elm, white elm — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove, Dedham

Ulmus sp. — elm — Kennedy Farm

Urticaceae

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. — false nettle, bog-hemp — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Marsh, Needham

Verbenaceae

Verbena hastata L. — blue vervain, common vervain — photo: [1] — SE, Dedham.

Verbena urticifolia L. — white vervain — photos: [1] [2] [3] — SE, Dedham; SW, Needham. R/R Trail, Needham

Violaceae

Viola brittoniana Pollard — northern coastal violet, Britton's violet — ; SE, Dedham.

Viola cucullata Aiton — marsh blue violet — photos: [1] [2] [3] — ; SE, Dedham. Swamp White Oak Grove

Viola pedata L. — birdsfoot violet — photo: [1] — ; N, Needham.

Viola sagittata Aiton (fimbriatula J.I. Smith) — arrowleaf violet — photo: [1] — . N and S

Vitaceae

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon — Virginia creeper — R/R Trail, Needham

Vitis labrusca L. — fox grape — photo: [1] — SW, Needham. Marsh, R/R Trail

Plants of Cutler Park: Illustrated Checklist As of December 2014, the checklist contains 343 species including 96 non-native (marked *), of which 33 are invasive (marked **)